[뉴욕타임스로 논술을 잡아라]Mind Over Muscle

■ 칼럼

Once upon a time, it was a man's world. Men possessed most of the tools one needed for power and success: muscles, connections, control of the crucial social institutions.

But then along came the information age to change all that. In the information age, education is the gateway to success. And that means this is turning into a woman's world, because women are better students than men.

From the first days of school, girls outperform boys. The gap is sometimes small, but over time slight advantages accumulate into big ones. In surveys, kindergarten teachers report that girls are more attentive than boys and more persistent at tasks. Through elementary school, girls are less likely to be asked to repeat a grade. They are much less likely to be diagnosed with a learning disability 2).

In high school, girls get higher grades in every subject, usually by about a quarter of a point, and have a higher median class rank. They are more likely to take advanced placement courses 1) and the hardest math courses, and are more likely to be straight-A students. They have much higher reading and writing scores on national assessment tests. Boys still enjoy an advantage on math and science tests, but that gap is smaller and closing.

Girls are much more likely to be involved in the school paper or yearbook, to be elected to student government and to be members of academic clubs. They set higher goals for their post-high-school career. (This data is all from the Department of Education.)

The differences become monumental in college. Women are more likely to enroll in college and they are more likely to have better applications, so now there are hundreds of schools where the female-male ratio is 60 to 40. About 80 percent of the majors in public administration, psychology and education are female. And here's the most important piece of data: Until 1985 or so, male college graduates outnumbered female college graduates. But in the mid-80's, women drew even, and ever since they have been pulling away at a phenomenal rate.

This year, 133 women will graduate from college for every 100 men. By decade's end, according to Department of Education projections, there will be 142 female graduates for every 100 male graduates. Among African-Americans, there are 200 female grads for every 100 male grads.

The social consequences are bound to be profound . The upside is that by sheer force of numbers, women will be holding more and more leadership jobs. On the negative side, they will have a harder and harder time finding marriageable men with comparable education levels. One thing is for sure: in 30 years the notion that we live in an oppressive patriarchy that discriminates against women will be regarded as a quaint anachronism.

There are debates about why women have thrived and men have faltered. Some say men are imprisoned by their anti-intellectual machismo. Others say the educational system has been overly feminized. Boys are asked to sit quietly for hours at a stretch under conditions where they find it harder to thrive.

But Thomas G. Mortensen of the Pell Institute observes that these same trends - thriving women, faltering men - are observable across the world. In most countries, and in nearly all developed countries, women are graduating from high school and college at much higher rates than men. Mortensen writes, "We conclude that the issue is far less driven by a nation's culture than it is by basic differences between males and females in the modern world."

In other words, if we want to help boys keep up with girls, we have to have an honest discussion about innate differences between the sexes. We have to figure out why poor girls who move to middle-class schools do better, but poor boys who make the same move often do worse. We have to absorb the obvious lesson of every airport bookstore, which is that men and women like to read totally different sorts of books, and see if we can apply this fact when designing curriculums. If boys like to read about war and combat, why can't there be books about combat on the curriculum?

Would elementary school boys do better if they spent more time outside the classroom and less time chained to a desk? Or would they thrive more in a rigorous, competitive environment?

For 30 years, attention has focused on feminine equality. During that time honest discussion of innate differences has been stifled (ask Larry Summers) 2). It's time to look at the other half.

- October 16, 2005 / By David Brooks

■ 돋보기

이 칼럼 제목 ‘근육을 능가한 정신’에서 근육은 남성을, 정신은 여성을 상징하는 말입니다. 이 칼럼의 필자는 여성이 학업에서 남성을 능가했다고 주장하면서 이제 여성의 평등보다는 남성의 역차별이나 남성의 태생적 차이에 관한 배려를 할 때가 됐다고 주장하고 있습니다.

남녀의 차이나 성차별(性差別) 같은 주제는 논술 시험에서 흔히 나올 수 있는 주제입니다. 여성들의 지위가 향상되면서 우리나라에서도 이 글의 필자처럼 생각하는 남성도 늘어나고 있습니다. 그러나 미국의 현실을 바탕으로 한 이 글의 논리를 우리나라에 그대로 적용하기에는 아직 이른 감이 있습니다. 우리나라에서 단순 숫자로 따져도 아직 50 대 50에 한참 못 미치고 있기 때문이지요. 핀란드는 대통령 국회의장 대법원장이 모두 여성입니다. 한국은 대통령 국회의장 대법원장이 모두 남성이죠.

필자는 남성이 학업 분야에서 열세에 처해 있다는 주장을 뒷받침하는 통계적 근거를 제시하고 있습니다. 그 원인은 남성이 뇌 구조 혹은 태생적 차이에 의해 책상에 오랜 시간 묶여 있지 못하고 바깥 활동을 좋아하기 때문이라는 것이지요. 여학생들은 이 글의 논리를 반박하는 글을 써볼 수도 있을 것입니다. 남학생들은 지지하는 글을 써볼 수도 있겠지요. 여학생이 지지하고 남학생이 반대하는 글을 써보더라도 좋겠지요. 역지사지(易地思之)는 현실 세계에서와 마찬가지로 논술 공부에서도 도움이 됩니다.

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